See key illustrative figures from major reports, papers, and resources regarding biodiversity loss.

tree icon elephant icon fish icon kelp icon atmosphere insect icon ocean icon wetlands icon monkey icon soil icon

Sources

  • Antonelli, A., Fry, C., Smith, R.J., Simmonds, M.S.J., Kersey, P.J., Pritchard, H.W., Abbo, M.S., Acedo, C., Adams, J., Ainsworth, A.M., Allkin, B., Annecke, W., Bachman, S.P., Bacon, K., Bárrios, S., Barstow, C., Battison, A., Bell, E., Bensusan, K., Bidartondo, M.I., Blackhall-Miles, R.J., Borrell, J.S., Brearley, F.Q., Breman, E., Brewer, R.F.A., Brodie, J., Cámara-Leret, R., Campostrini Forzza, R., Cannon, P., Carine, M., Carretero, J., Cavagnaro, T.R., Cazar, M.-E., Chapman, T., Cheek, M., Clubbe, C., Cockel, C., Collemare, J., Cooper, A., Copeland, A.I., Corcoran, M., Couch, C., Cowell, C., Crous, P., da Silva, M., Dalle, G., Das, D., David, J.C., Davies, L., Davies, N., De Canha, M.N., de Lirio, E.J., Demissew, S., Diazgranados, M., Dickie, J., Dines, T., Douglas, B., Dröge, G., Dulloo, M.E., Fang, R., Farlow, A., Farrar, K., Fay, M.F., Felix, J., Forest, F., Forrest, L.L., Fulcher, T., Gafforov, Y., Gardiner, L.M., Gâteblé, G., Gaya, E., Geslin, B., Gonçalves, S.C., Gore, C.J.N., Govaerts, R., Gowda, B., Grace, O.M., Grall, A., Haelewaters, D., Halley, J.M., Hamilton, M.A., Hazra, A., Heller, T., Hollingsworth, P.M., Holstein, N., Howes, M.-J.R., Hughes, M., Hunter, D., Hutchinson, N., Hyde, K., Iganci, J., Jones, M., Kelly, L.J., Kirk, P., Koch, H., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Lall, N., Langat, M.K., Leaman, D.J., Leão, T.C., Lee, M.A., Leitch, I.J., Leon, C., Lettice, E., Lewis, G.P., Li, L., Lindon, H., Liu, J.S., Liu, U., Llewellyn, T., Looney, B., Lovett, J.C., ?uczaj, ?., Lulekal, E., Maggassouba, S., Malécot, V., Martin, C., Masera, O.R., Mattana, E., Maxted, N., Mba, C., McGinn, K.J., Metheringham, C., Miles, S., Miller, J., Milliken, W., Moat, J., Moore, P.G.P., Morim, M.P., Mueller, G.M., Muminjanov, H., Negrão, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Nicolson, N., Niskanen, T., Nono Womdim, R., Noorani, A., Obreza, M., O’Donnell, K., O’Hanlon, R., Onana, J.-M., Ondo, I., Padulosi, S., Paton, A., Pearce, T., Pérez Escobar, O.A., Pieroni, A., Pironon, S., Prescott, T.A.K., Qi, Y.D., Qin, H., Quave, C.L., Rajaovelona, L., Razanajatovo, H., Reich, P.B., Rianawati, E., Rich, T.C.G., Richards, S.L., Rivers, M.C., Ross, A., Rumsey, F., Ryan, M., Ryan, P., Sagala, S., Sanchez, M.D., Sharrock, S., Shrestha, K.K., Sim, J., Sirakaya, A., Sjöman, H., Smidt, E.C., Smith, D., Smith, P., Smith, S.R., Sofo, A., Spence, N., Stanworth, A., Stara, K., Stevenson, P.C., Stroh, P., Suz, L.M., Tambam, B.B., Tatsis, E.C., Taylor, I., Thiers, B., Thormann, I., Trivedi, C., Twilley, D., Twyford, A.D., Ulian, T., Utteridge, T., Vaglica, V., Vásquez-Londoño, C., Victor, J., Viruel, J., Walker, B.E., Walker, K., Walsh, A., Way, M., Wilbraham, J., Wilkin, P., Wilkinson, T., Williams, C., Winterton, D., Wong, K.M., Woodfield-Pascoe, N., Woodman, J., Wyatt, L., Wynberg, R., Zhang, B.G. (2020). State of the World’s Plants and Fungi 2020. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34885/172

  • Azote for Stockholm Resilience Centre, based on analysis in Sakschewski and Caesar et al. 2025

  • BirdLife International (2022). State of the World’s Birds 2022: Insights and solutions for the biodiversity crisis. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International

  • Brauman, K. A., et. al. (2020). Global trends in nature’s contributions to people. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Vol. 117, Issue 51, pp. 32799-32805). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010473117

  • Convention on Wetlands (2021). Global Wetland Outlook: Special Edition 2021. Gland, Switzerland: Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands.

  • Convention on Wetlands (2025). Global Wetland Outlook 2025: Valuing, conserving, restoring and financing wetlands. Gland, Switzerland: Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands.

  • Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. Abridged Version. (London: HM Treasury).

  • F. Pharand-Deschênes /Globaïa for Stockholm Resilience Centre 2009

  • FAO (2022). The State of the World’s Forests 2022. Forest pathways for green recovery and building inclusive, resilient and sustainable economies. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9360en

  • FAO. 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en

  • Hendriks, K. , Gubbay, S. , Arets , E., & Janssen, J. (2020). Carbon stocks and sequestration in terrestrial and marine ecosystems: A lever for nature restoration? A quick scan for terrestrial and marine EUNIS habitat types (Wageningen Environmental Research Report). Wageningen Environmental Research. [1, 2] Citation Breakdown

  • Hicks, K. & McKendree, J., (2022). A comprehensive approach to nitrogen in the UK, SEI: Stockholm Environment Institute. Sweden. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2243018/a-comprehensive-approach-to-nitrogen-in-the-uk/3001185/ on 04 Nov 2022. CID: 20.500.12592/p9574g.

  • International Energy Agency (2025). Land-Use Competition between Biodiversity and Net Zero Goals: A case study of Canada.

  • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2020). IUCN Red List: 2017-2020 report. IUCN. https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/resources/files/1630480997-IUCN_RED_LIST_QUADRENNIAL_REPORT_2017-2020.pdf

  • IPBES (2019): Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio E.S., H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze,J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L. A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. M. Subramanian,G. F. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Molnár, D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury, Y. J. Shin,I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C. N. Zayas (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 56 pages.

  • IPBES (2022). Summary for Policymakers of the Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Pascual, U., Balvanera, P., Christie, M., Baptiste, B., González-Jiménez, D., Anderson, C.B., Athayde, S., Barton, D.N., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Jacobs, S., Kelemen, E., Kumar, R., Lazos, E.,Martin, A., Mwampamba, T.H., Nakangu, B., O’Farrell, P., Raymond, C.M., Subramanian, S.M., Termansen, M., Van Noordwijk, M., and Vatn, A. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522392

  • IPBES (2024). Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. McElwee, P. D., Harrison, P. A., van Huysen, T. L., Alonso Roldán, V., Barrios, E., Dasgupta, P., DeClerck, F., Harmá?ková, Z. V., Hayman, D. T. S., Herrero, M., Kumar, R., Ley,D., Mangalagiu, D., McFarlane, R. A., Paukert, C., Pengue, W. A., Prist, P. R., Ricketts, T. H., Rounsevell, M. D. A., Saito, O., Selomane, O., Seppelt, R., Singh, P. K., Sitas, N., Smith, P., Vause, J., Molua, E. L., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., and Obura, D. (eds.). IPBES secretariat,Bonn, Germany. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13850289

  • IPBES (2026). Summary for Policymakers of the Methodological Assessment Report on the Impact and Dependence of Business on Biodiversity and Nature’s Contributions to People. Jones M., Polasky S., Rueda X., Brooks S., Carter Ingram J., Egoh B. N., von Hase A., Kohsaka R., Kulak M., Leach K., Loyola R., Mandle L., Rodriguez-Osuna V., Schaafsma M. and Sonter L. J. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15369060

  • IPCC (2022). Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor,A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptationand Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig,S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York,NY, USA, pp. 3-33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.

  • IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor,A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig,S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York,NY, USA, pp. 3-33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.

  • Keith, D.A., Ferrer-Paris, J.R., Nicholson, E. and Kingsford, R.T. (eds.) (2020). The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups. Gland,Switzerland: IUCN.

  • Kurth, T., Wübbels, G., Portafaix, A., Meyer zum Felde, A., & Zielcke, S. (2021). The biodiversity crisis is a business crisis . Boston Consulting Group . https://web-assets.bcg.com/fb/5e/74af5531468e9c1d4dd5c9fc0bd7/bcg-the-biodiversity-crisis-is-a-business-crisis-mar-2021-rr.pdf [1, 2, 3] In-Text Citations

  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.

  • NatureServe. 2023. Biodiversity in Focus:United States Edition.

  • OECD (2020). A Comprehensive Overview of Global Biodiversity Finance, OECD Publishing, Paris.

  • OECD (2025), Environmental Outlook on the Triple Planetary Crisis: Stakes, Evolution and Policy Linkages, OECD Publishing,Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/257ffbb6-en.

  • Pörtner, H.O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W.L., Diamond, S., Donatti, C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M. A., Handa, C., Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S., Managi, S., Marquet, P. A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman, E., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A. P. F., Popp, A., Reyes-García, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, J., Shin, Y. J., Sintayehu, D. W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D.C., Rogers, A.D., Díaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu, N., Ngo, H.T. (2021). IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change; IPBES and IPCC, DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4782538

  • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2022). The Global Land Outlook, second edition. UNCCD, Bonn.

  • United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Becoming #GenerationRestoration: Ecosystem restoration for people, nature and climate. Nairobi.

  • United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies. Nairobi. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature

  • United Nations Environment Programme (2022). State of Finance for Nature. Time to act:Doubling investment by 2025 and eliminating nature-negative finance flows. Nairobi. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/41333

  • United Nations Environment Programme (2025). Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose - Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all. Nairobi. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49014.

  • United Nations Environment Programme (2026). State of Finance for Nature 2026: Nature in the red: Powering the trillion dollar nature transition economy. Nairobi. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49119

  • United Nations, The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: Partnerships and Cooperation for Water. UNESCO, Paris.

  • United Nations. (2024). UN Global risk report 2024: Diverse perceptions, unified action: A call for evolution in global risk governance. https://unglobalriskreport.org/

  • United Nations. (2025). The sustainable development goals report 2025. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2025/

  • Valderrábano, M., Nelson, C., Nicholson, E., Etter, A., Carwardine, J., Hallett, J. G.,McBreen, J. and Botts, E. (2021). Using ecosystem risk assessment science in ecosystem restoration: A guide to applying the Red List of Ecosystems to ecosystem restoration. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

  • WWF (2020) Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Almond, R.E.A., Grooten M. and Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland.

  • WWF (2022) Living Planet Report 2022 - Building a nature-positive society. Almond, R.E.A., Grooten, M., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland

Why And Biodiversity? To learn of the human impact:


tree icon

Terrestrial
Environments

elephant icon

Wild Verterbrate
Species

fish icon

Marine
Environments

kelp icon

Coral Reef
Decline

atmosphere icon

Global
Warming

insect icon

Insect
Abundance

ocean icon

Increased
Trade

wetlands icon

Wetland
Degradation

monkey icon

Global
Biomass

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Agri-
culture